| VISEF: Empirical Evaluation of a Vehicle-Level Integrated Functional Safety Framework |
| Taewan Gu |
| Automotive R&D Division, Hyundai Motor Company, Hwaseong, 18280, Korea |
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Received: June 11, 2025; Revised: July 30, 2025 Accepted: September 25, 2025. Published online: October 31, 2025. |
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| ABSTRACT |
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Modern vehicles operate as Systems of Systems, with tightly coupled interactions with many subsystems. As a result, traditional item-level safety analysis based on ISO 26,262 often leads to redundant or omitted hazards, limiting the ability to assure comprehensive vehicle-level functional safety. This study proposes the Vehicle-level Integrated Functional Safety Framework (VISEF) to overcome these limitations by enabling holistic safety analysis across subsystems. VISEF consists of three key stages. First, a conventional item-level hazard identification and ASIL assignment process is conducted. Second, hazard integration is performed using functional, operational, and scenario-based similarity measures to identify and consolidate redundant hazards, followed by ASIL reallocation. Third, safety path inspection is applied by generalizing control flows between ECUs into structured input-processing-output streams. To validate the framework, a dual-pronged evaluation approach was employed. A nonlinear probabilistic saturation model was used to compare the system-level safety assurance probability before and after applying VISEF. Additionally, VISEF was applied to an actual commercial xEV truck/bus project. This study provides both experimental and empirical evidence that integrated vehicle-level hazard management contributes to system-level safety. VISEF offers a structured, scalable methodology for extending ISO 26,262, and establishes a foundation for future standardization in vehicle-level functional safety engineering. |
| Key Words:
Vehicle-level functional safety · System of systems (SoS) · ISO 26262 extension · Hazard integration · ASIL reallocation · Safety path analysis · Functional safety inspection · ECU interaction safety · Automotive safety framework · xEV safety evaluation · ASIL inconsistency |
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Corresponding Author.
Taewan Gu , Email. 
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